16. Substance (part 3)

Now, let’s see how atoms formed from dodecahedrons can look like.

Hydrogen, the proton. Later, in the section dedicated to molecular bonds, we will consider how 2 and 3 atomic hydrogen molecules H2 and H3 can be formed.

Hydrogen isotope deuterium. Two dodecahedrons joint by their faces. Since the faces are flat, there is no gap between them, which means there is no free ether between the faces. The forces holding two protons together depend on the pressure of the surrounding ether. The deuterium complex is very strong, since the mechanical forces that may break its bond have a short lever arm.

The hydrogen isotope tritium 3H consisting of three protons, has twice the length of the arm, compared to deuterium, which makes tritium atoms less durable and therefore unstable, with a half-life of 12 years.

The instability of the linear arrangement of protons in the tritium atom is especially obvious, if we compare it to the atom of helium 3.

The same three protons, but organized into a more compact structure, with a shortened length. This is where we first encounter the gap between protons. It would seem that the presence of gaps indicates the imperfection of our model. At least due to the fact that the atoms do not form a continuous dense structure and do not provide the ideal filling of space. The search for such an ideal packaging is one of the tasks of the corresponding branches of mathematics, geometry and topology. And the consideration of the properties of structures characterized by numerous gaps does not attract much attention of popular science. For our approach, the presence of voids is a required, absolutely desirable and necessary factor, since the gaps provide the possibility of the existence of the attached vortices of the ether.

If in Helium 3 all protons are in the same plane, then Helium 4 looks like its three-dimensional copy. Accordingly, instead of one slit, there are three.

On this further advance of atoms in this direction is suspended. The addition of another proton-dodecahedron leads to the creation of an unsymmetrical, and therefore unbalanced figure. Such a figure has little chance to maintain its shape during movements and collisions, and is unlikely to form periodic structures such as crystals. Therefore, stable atoms with an atomic weight equal 5 are not observed in nature.

Consideration of all possible combinations of dodecahedrons will require too much time; so next we focus only on the structures of atoms of stable isotopes of substances.

The next symmetrical figure, which can be composed of dodecahedrons resembles a rosette and contains six protons.

The presumed structure of the atoms of Lithium-6. Top view and bottom view of the “rosette” formed by five dodecahedra around the central dodecahedron (proton). Lithium 7 differs from the one shown in the figure in that the cavity in the following figure is filled with the seventh proton. The result is a fairly symmetrical figure.

Lithium atom 7, the addition of a proton inside the “rosette” makes the atom more symmetrical. Full symmetry, as we’ll see later, will be in the atom of carbon, which is different from the lithium atom 7, in that it has six additional protons. (Surprisingly six, Not five!)

Another variant of the Lithium 7:

Then again follows the lapse, stable atoms with an atomic weight of 8 does not exist. The reason is the same as with the absence of stable atoms with five protons – the impossibility of creating centrally symmetric figure of eight dodecahedrons. It seems that there should be an additional condition that freely arranged linear chains of dodecahedrons cannot be composed of more than 2 dodecahedrons. This condition is well illustrated by the example of tritium, which is a chain of 3 dodecahedrons, and therefore is an unstable element.

15. Substance (part 2)

The structure of the proton

Protons are the smallest particles of substance (already substance, not just matter!). But what causes the grains of ether to form identical ensembles, which preserve their structure when moving through the ether, and preserve their structure while connecting with other protons in various combinations forming atoms?

The following answer to this question is proposed:

The structure of the proton is the smallest possible three-dimensional figure (cluster) composed of ether grains, which allows to withstand against external strikes and redirect these strikes coming from the outside, from the free ether, so that all the grains of the cluster retain mutual engagement and move as a whole.

Such a figure is most likely a dodecahedron, as having the shape closest to the ball of all Platonic bodies (regular polyhedra).

This structure assumes the absence of internal voids (taking into account the process of formation by compression), and most importantly, the outer layer (shell) of such a structure should be formed by “snapping” ether grains tightly with each other. That is, at a certain stage of increasing the size of the dodecahedron constructed from the same balls (grains) of ether, there should be a situation in which there are no voids inside the cluster, and in which the faces are close enough to the ideal planes, and the edges of the dodecahedron are composed of an integer number of grains.

The size of such a structure should be unique and unambiguous, that is, the repetition of the coincidence of all the above conditions for some other (larger) size should have too much mass at the existing ether pressure. It would be very interesting to find an algorithm or formula to calculate the number of spherical grains satisfying the conditions of formation of such an ideal dodecahedron. By the way, this amount will be equal to the ratio of the ether’s grain size to proton.

The stability of the structure (“lock”) in this case is provided by the external pressure of the ether surrounding the proton. The external pressure, that maintain the structure of the proton, applied to the protons from the surrounding gaseous ether. This mechanism is somewhat similar to the phenomenon of surface tension, if we imagine that the attraction of the outer layer of ether grains to the inner is due to the absolute vacuum between the ether grains.

In cases where the proton is a part of a structure of atoms, the external pressure of the ether is applied to the proton not only directly from the surrounding ether, but also through other protons with which it comes into contact in the atom.

Thus, the same mechanism of maintaining the structure works at the next structural level of matter – the level of atoms. That is, nucleons in atoms are also held together by the external pressure of the ether.

Such a world order looks at first glance quite fragile / ephemeral, since the stability of the substance depends on the pressure of the ether. But it is this circumstance that allows to close the chain of mutual transformations of ether – substance – ether, and ultimately is the material basis of dialectical variability and infinite diversity of our world.

At the same time, this model explains the observed uniformity of the structure of substance in all parts of the universe. This uniformity is based on the identity of all the grains of ether.

Our model of the proton and the atoms requires the pressure of the ether, to be above a certain minimum threshold. When the pressure of the ether falls below this threshold, the stability of the substance is not provided.

It is obvious that such a mechanism has some limited range of stabilizing feedback.

Reason: as the external pressure decreases, the external effects on the protons also decrease, i.e. the external shocks have a lower intensity, which helps to maintain the stability of the substance. But this balance is broken at some threshold minimum pressure, when the external pressure is not enough to hold together the ether grains, and even a rather weak external impact leads to knocking out the grain, since the external pressure does not compensate for the impact.

The same can be said about the increase in the pressure of the ether, there is a threshold at which the average external pressure becomes insufficient to compensate for individual impacts on individual grains entering the proton. This scenario is realized when the temperature of the substance increases, i.e. the speed of rotation of the attached vortices of the ether.

Let us now, based on this model, consider the main structural stages of the material world:

The first structural level of matter – ether grains which located in absolute space. Free Ether.

The second structural level of matter – protons (already substance) – clusters of ether grains, held together by the external pressure of the ether.

The third structural level of matter – atoms: clusters of protons held together by the external pressure of the ether.

The fourth structural level of matter – molecules– clusters of atoms, held together by the ether vortices which accompanying atoms, what is commonly called electric forces.

As we can see the ether pressure plays a significant role at all structural levels of the organization of matter, including chemical (the fourth in our classification). Chemical bonds ultimately depend on the pressure of the ether, since the parameters of the ether vortices certainly depend on the ether pressure.

In this regard, we can mention the research (effect) of S. E. Shnol, who discovered the dependence of any chemical and nuclear processes on cosmological factors, which is the pressure of the ether surrounding us.

We should also mention the Casimir effect, which is a direct confirmation of our model of the substance based on the structures held together by the pressure of the ether.

And also note that our model gives an explanation of the so-called strong interaction, its paradoxical property to act only at close distances.

Going back to the structure of a proton – generally speaking, the shape of a proton can be quite simple, starting with four ether particles (a tetrahedron, a dodecahedron, or a cube). This simple form should have a complex internal structure. The convex smooth surface is not suitable; the necessary surface is composed of flat polygons, in order for effect of the “Magdeburg hemispheres” to work.

Let us repeat that the key principle in this structure is the transfer of the blows of the surrounding ether grains evenly in all directions inside the proton, which allows to preserve its structure. Since the proton in collisions with ether grains acts as a monolithic structure having a much larger mass than the ether grains hitting it.

Proton-Dodecahedron:

The figures below shows the possible clusters of grains of the ether, which correspond to our model of the proton based on the assumption that the grains of ether are simple balls. To consider the grains of ether as balls is a well – founded assumption at the present stage of our ignorance, with the hope to return to this issue later, if there are prerequisites for this.

If an additional grain, or a group of ether grains, joins any outer face of such a cluster, they will be pressed against the cluster only if the surrounding free ether grains collide with them at angles close to the normal to the surface of the proton. It is obvious that any growths on the surface of the proton, regardless of the method of their appearance will not be able to persist for a long time, thus self-calibration of protons in size and mass, respectively, is carried out.

If we trace the history of protons, since their birth in the depths of stars and planets, there is such a picture:

As a result of the action of the gravitational vortex, a high ether pressure is created inside the stars, which presses the ether grains to each other. A solid densely packed monolith of ether grains is created.

When such a monolith enters the layers coming to the surface of the star, with a lower pressure of the ether, in conditions facilitating to its fragmentation, as a result of the faults of the ethereal monolith, the fragments will have a very diverse shape. Gradually, individual protons and atoms of more complex substances will be formed from them, and all the grains of the ether that turned out to be unrelated to stable structures will be sublimated into a free, gaseous ether.

The degree of compression depends on the degree of dilution of the ether, since the decrease in the volume of the ether during condensation is determined by the difference in the volumes occupied by the ether before and after condensation, and if the ether particles moved having large free path distances, then the degree of compression of the ether during condensation will be large, determined by these distances.

And finally, before finishing with the topic of general principles of atomic structure, it should be mentioned that there is no fundamental need for atoms, especially more complex atoms, to have a spherical shape. The shape of atoms is rather close to the shape of crystals, with a layered structure and faces. This form is in better agreement with the observed variety of properties and spectra of substances, as well as with a fairly easy and widespread transmutation of elements, both in biology and in inorganic nature.

As for the stability of crystal-like atoms in comparison with spherical ones, the basis of stability is laid at the level of protons, which have the shape of a dodecahedron that is close to the sphere. These, stable at the level of atoms, structures only need to be held together, keeping the possibility of modification in their combinations. Such a restructuring of the structure of atoms would be much more difficult if the atoms had a spherical shape.

14. Substance (part 1)

A few words about the structure of material substance before moving on to the topic of heat, because the microscopic structure of substance determines the mechanics of heat and electricity.

Structure of Substance

As always, at the beginning concepts and then more detailed explanations.

Condensed (solidified) ether forms the elementary particles. Elementary particles are impenetrable by the gaseous ether, and therefore the ether flows around them, but do not penetrates through them.

When we talk about the flow of ether through any material body, we mean the passage of ether in the space between atoms and through the gaps inside the atoms. Inside the atoms there are gaps between the elementary particles that make up the atoms.

The more complex and massive the substance, the more complex the system of gaps its atoms have.

Ether meets greater resistance when flowing through the intraatomic space of such complex substances, which is equivalent to greater atomic mass of complex and bigger atoms.

All these conceptions imply the existence of an absolute space in which both condensed and gaseous ether is located and moves.

Particles (grains) of ether are solid objects, that is, impenetrable to each other. In other words: an absolute space with volume equal to the one grain of ether can contain only one particle of ether.

The grains of ether are usually in solitary state, that is, unconnected to other grains of the ether. This gaseous state, we call free ether; in this state exists the ether that forms the space (universe).

Grains of ether also can be in a condensed solid state (phase). This state is characterized by the absence of gaps between the ether particles, that is, their tight fit to each other.

Two ways of condensation of gaseous ether into solid phase are evident.

The first method is gravitational; it is implemented on a giant scale inside the gravitational celestial bodies, and is described in more detail in the section devoted to gravity.

The second method is realized in micro scale inside atoms. It has a mechanism similar to capillary condensation and has hysteresis. That is, the destruction of the monolithic ether and blowing out fragments and evaporation of ether from these cracks occurs at higher temperatures than condensation.

The monolithic state of ether can be stable or unstable. Protons are stable, because their form provides mutual protection to all grain from extracting by external grains of free ether. (more on it in the next article)

Unstable solid state of ether can be visualized similar to ice fragments, or clusters of ether. These pieces of solid ether are exposed to the surrounding gaseous ether, which constantly bombards the solid phase turning it into gaseous ether.

Obviously, protons and all sorts of smaller and larger conglomerates of monolithic ether can be formed as a result of gravity.

As a result of the decay of the monolithic ether fraction inside intraatomic gaps, can be formed only fragments whose sizes do not exceed the size of the cracks in which they were condensated, i.e. smaller than protons.

The size of ether particles is extremely small compared to the size of the minimum possible stable condensed ether conglomerate (proton).

The particles of ether (grains) can be visualized as simple indivisible elements that move in absolute empty space, colliding with each other; similar to the normal gas as it pictured by modern science.

Such a simplified representation of ether grains makes sense, at least in order to stop at the level of ether, and to avoid “bad infinity”, where each subsequent structural level of matter would have an even smaller internal structure.

The schematic representations described above are sufficient to answer the question in principle: ”Why do heavy substances have a large mass (greater resistance to ether accelerations)? “– Because their area and hence “aerodynamic” resistance increases with the number of protons (the smallest stable blocks of condensed ether).

This model also explains another physical phenomenon: “mass defect”. Moreover, the existence of the mass defect phenomenon naturally follows from this model, and is one of the arguments in favour of the proposed model of substance in relation to explanation of the nature of mass.

The defect of the mass is explained by the circumstance that with the increase in the number of protons comprising the atom, the resistance of the viscous friction of the atom increases not in proportion to the number of protons, but to a somewhat lesser extent.

Resistance to the motion of atoms in the ether is a statistical parameter, and is determined by the average drag of atoms streamlined by ether in all possible directions.

One proton (hydrogen atom) has a single atomic mass, that is, on average it has a singular resistance to acceleration in the ether.

The deuterium atom, consisting of two protons, has an average acceleration resistance in the ether slightly less than two separate protons. This is explained by the fact that in two-proton deuterium atoms protons partially shield each other.

As the number of protons in an atom increases, the mass defect of the atom grows in value, as the number of shielded and shielding protons increases.

The defect of atomic mass depending on the atomic weight of the element (the graph is based on the table of atomic weights of elements).

From a historical point of view, such a parameter as the mass defect per one nucleon is of interest. There are no special physical reasons for the increased attention to this abstract value, but for the last 70 years it has been closely connected with the popular belief in thermonuclear synthesis. In the scientific community there was a widespread belief that the mass defect is a consequence of the transformation of mass into energy. Huge efforts of society began to be spent for search of a way of creation of helium atoms from hydrogen atoms in hope to receive as a result an output of energy.

The energy released or absorbed during the transformation of the substance depends on the type of conversion and the amount of ether changing its phase state; the atomic mass of the substance is of secondary importance.

The author deliberately tries to avoid the term “nucleus” and to use only the term “atom”, since supposes that there are no nuclei in atoms as it described by popular science, because there are no electrons as particles of substance. What science takes for electrons are ether vortices of a special form, that is, it is quite material formations, but not substance.

The mass defect per one proton decreases with each subsequently added proton in full compliance with the geometry, since the shape of the atom will approach the spherical one. In this form of the atom, the difference between various directions of blowing is statistically levelled.

And after the atoms reach the order of fifty-six protons, the degree of influence of each new proton begins to decrease, since the added outer protons shield the inner protons to lesser extent (due to increased sizes of inter-proton gaps), which we observe on the graph of the defect of the mass per proton depending on the number of nucleons in the atom. (The graph shows only stable isotopes)

Mass defect per nucleon depending on the atomic weight of the element

So, the atomic nucleus consists of a single kind of nucleons, which we will continue to call protons, implying a completely different meaning. A distinctive feature of our protons is the possession of the attached etheric vortices. And neutrons, in our understanding, are the same protons in the free state, which do not have attached etheric vortices (the differences between neutrons and protons will be considered later).

13. Globular clusters

Today, astronomy has no understanding of how globular clusters formed and why they continue to exist at present time, while maintaining their configuration.

Some properties of globular clusters:

1. The structure of globular star clusters is stable. Moreover, it is invariable. The stars that make up the cluster are motionless. They are motionless relative to each other, and the cluster itself is also static.

2. There is No dust in globular clusters

3. The distribution of clusters around galaxies is almost spherical.

Being on the positions of the official doctrine, it is impossible to comprehend what prevents the gravitational collapse of these conglomerates, but the official science is trying to get out of the situation by assigning to the globular clusters giant size.

For the beginning the note, that for a better understanding of this section, you must first familiarize yourself with the theory of the structure of substance from the standpoint of the Law of Mechanics.

Here we just mention that the Law of Mechanics proposes that there is a special form of matter – a monolithic ether.

In contrast to the usual substance, which is permeable to the gaseous ether, monolithic ether is impermeable, since inside it there are no gaps or voids through which the gaseous ether could seep.

Consequently, the movement of macroscopic bodies consisting of a monolithic ether requires a displacement of a large volume of gaseous ether. For sufficiently large bodies of monolithic ether motion relative to the ether is almost impossible.

In other words, the monolithic ether has a mass close to infinity, and its acceleration in the ether requires forces tending to infinity. This almost infinite inertia of the monolithic ether leads to the circumstance that the bodies consisting of the monolith ether cannot move through the gaseous ether and always move with the gaseous ether.

In general, the topic of monolithic ether requires special consideration. This is a completely new, yet hypothetical state of matter, the existence of which is predicted by the Law of Mechanics. As far as I know, the very possibility for substance to be in a state similar to monolithic and be impervious to ether has not been previously considered. The properties of such substances must be quite extraordinary.

Imagine that such a substance was on the surface of the Earth. It is likely that gravity will push it down to the planet’s core. To keep the body formed from such a substance on the surface will be possible only if it is possible to resist the pressure of the ether moving in the direction of the center of the Earth. The smaller the transverse dimensions of the body, the less resistance it should have to the gravitational flow of the ether. What is the total pressure of the ether is not yet clear; it is also unclear whether the ether can flow around macroscopic obstacles, if it is not possible to seep through them.

It is possible that the very core of large celestial bodies with gravity, consist of an ethereal monolith. Star cores – most likely. The hypothesis of the ethereal monolith allows us to give unforeseen by simplicity and obviousness explanations for many puzzles and unsolvable questions observed both in remote places of the universe and very close. But more about that sometimes later.

In the meantime, back to the globular clusters.

Although the existence of the ethereal monolith is questionable, there are indications of the reality of the presence of such a state of matter, and one of them is the globular clusters and their evolution into open clusters. It is possible that there is some other explanation for the properties of globular clusters, also satisfying all the observed facts. But so far only the monolithic state of the ether in combination with the Law of Mechanics able to cope with the explanation of the properties of spherical clusters.

Messier 13 (NGC 6205) Globular clusters have completely inexplicable properties if they are analyzed from the standpoint of orthodox science.

The photo shows a globular cluster Messier 13 (NGC 6205).

Description of the process of formation and development of globular clusters in accordance with the Law of Mechanics.

Globular clusters were formed as an outcome of the collapse of large stars due to the pressure drop of the surrounding ether to a critically low level. The arising pressure wave of the released ether causes the decay of smaller celestial bodies by the domino effect.

The process of decay is somewhat similar to the hypothesis of the disintegration of the planet, the pieces of which presumably formed a belt of asteroids.

Here again we return to the idea of how fragile is the balance on which the planets, stars and the substance as a whole are built. Everything is held by external pressure, and in case of its weakening, or a sharp change, the structure of the planet or atom or proton may disintegrate.

For the planet it is enough to get between two oppositely directed flows/vortices of ether, to experience the bursting effect of the ether. Planets having the misfortune to be in these conditions risk being torn to pieces. Apparently the size of the planet should play a role in determining the fate of such a planet, because the own gravity of a large planet will keep it intact. In this case, we can have a planet escaped from the galactic plane and joined the galactic halo.

All of these scenarios may be related to the fragmentation of superstars as a result of the depletion of the ether, and the presence of a large number of globular clusters inside the nebulae may indicate just such a process. Under certain conditions, the nucleus of the galaxy disintegrates, sending a shock wave in all directions from itself; this shock wave of the ether can be the cause of the breakdown of many stars and planets included in this system. As a result, we will have a nucleus-free galaxy containing a large number of globular clusters in a cloud of dust, something similar to the Large and Small Magellanic Cloud, and possibly the Milky Way Galaxy.

The described scenario allows to explain the observed properties of globular clusters.

Composition: almost free of heavy elements, almost pure hydrogen and helium. This may be the result:

1) The initial total decay of material bodies smaller than a few kilometres, that is, the guaranteed decay of complex gases and dust. As a result, the globular clusters contain almost no heavy elements, and only hydrogen and helium remain.

2) Slow evaporation of the monolithic ether of which the large fragments consist. As a result of this evaporation, free gaseous ether and protons are formed. The free ether slowly emanating as a result of evaporation causes a gradual expansion of globular clusters and thus the evolution of close globular clusters into open clusters.

3) Fragments of the ethereal monolith pass through the process of grinding the protruding parts, and turning into balls. This is one of the processes leading to the formation of spherical shapes in celestial bodies. (Other processes leading to the same result — the formation of spherical shapes in celestial bodies will be considered in the relevant sections.)

Now about the possibility of rotation of fragments of the superstar, which consist of monolithic ether. It is obvious that the linear motion of large blocks of monolithic ether relative to the gaseous ether is impossible due to the impermeability of the monolithic ether. But the rotational motion of a spherical body does not require crossing the ether (penetration through the ether). Globe of monolithic ether, displaced the gaseous ether, has the ability to rotate without experiencing significant decelerating and centrifugal forces.

Decelerating will depend on the degree of roughness of the surface, and how it differs from the ideal ball. Perhaps this imperfection in combination with roughness can explain the red or yellow glow of some objects in globular clusters. These objects have rotation unlike their white neighbors, which only reflect light.

A very interesting property of bodies consisting of a monolithic ether should be the absence of centrifugal forces. As a result, you can have almost unlimited rotational speed…

Fragments consisting of a monolithic ether can possibly glow without rotation, simply evaporation of the monolith into hydrogen and the transformation of deeper layers into some heavy elements. It is possible that both of these processes are accompanied by the release of light. That is, there may be another process of illumination of stars, in addition to gravitational.

Unlike gravity, the process of evaporation (melting/sublimation) of the monolithic ether has a limitation on resources; the process can only continue until the monolith is used up. I.e. internal reserves, limit the process duration, the influence of the external pressure of the ether is less important. In contrary to Gravity, which uses external reserves of ether, which are almost unlimited.

The shape of globular clusters repeats the shape of the ethereal “bubble”, which is formed when the ether is released during the decay of stars and planets. We can say that the substance suddenly converts into space (monolithic ether transforms into gaseous). The emerged space is expanding carrying the fragments of the monolithic ether. Having expanded up to the pressure of the surrounding ether, the newly released gaseous ether stops, and with it all the bodies consisting of the ether-monolith stop.

Further expansion of the globular cluster is very slow. And since the “stars” of the monolithic ether do not have gravity, no movement within the globular clusters does occur, except for the only available method of movement — rotation.

Accordingly, the distribution of globular clusters is also spherical, since it is subject to the motion of the ether released from the nuclei of “galaxies”.

12. Evolution of Stars (part 5)

Spiral Galaxy and the process of its formation

The image of the galaxy NGC 1365 shows the central spindle-shaped vortex, the axis of which lies in the plane of the galaxy, and two spiral vortices attached to the poles of the central vortex. Spiral vortices also rest in the plane of the galaxy.

The superstar located inside the cocoon of the central vortex rotates in the transverse direction to the galaxy plane. Superstar is actually acted as a gyroscope with a fixed position of the axis of rotation in space. This ensures the fixation of the position of the galactic bar in space. From this we can conclude that in front of us is a relatively recently formed spiral galaxy, which has fully completed the transition to a spiral structure and has already managed to accumulate a significant amount of gas-dust matter.

Let’s take a closer look at the process of forming a galaxy from a solar-type star system.

The first figure shows the growth of the star accompanied by a slowdown in the rotation of the star, and the growth of the quantity and size of the planets-satellites of the star.

The second figure shows the state in which the position of the axis of rotation of the star changes under the influence of the incoming ether flows created by the grown satellites. This process starts after the planets satellites reach a certain critical size, and the crowded arrangement of these planets creates a tipping moment.

The third figure shows the resulting state of the system, in which the axis of rotation of the star already lies in the plane of the galaxy, that is, perpendicular to its original position.

At the same time, the rotation of the star, which now can be called the galactic center or the nucleus of the galaxy, slows down even more, as the rotational acceleration from the equator stops completely. There is only rotational acceleration in the region of the poles, but this acceleration must overcome the deceleration caused by the lack of synchronous rotation of the ether in other areas of the surface of the star. As a result, the rotation of the galactic center may stop altogether, but the surrounding ether will still participate in the vortex motion caused by the absorption of the ether by the galactic center.

Necessary clarification – the central star of the galaxy itself does not directly absorb the ether, but only participates in the process of condensation of the ether. The ether is condensed by the system (structure) consisting of the central star and the surrounding ether vortex. Therefore, the name galactic center is very appropriate for the central star, as it is only part of a more complex structure.

Two circumstances explain the steady state of the galaxy’s arms in the galaxy plane.

The first is the residual action of the GV (Gravitational Vortex), which previously provided retention of all the satellites of the star in the plane of its ecliptic. This fading ethereal vortex defined the initial location of the two new ethereal vortices in its plane.

This influence was of limited duration and ended with the end of the transition period from Kepler-type to galactic-type GV.

The inertial action of the Kepler Vortex also determined the direction of axial rotations of the galactic sleeves and the direction of their spiral bend.

The second reason why the galactic sleeves are in the same plane is their mutual attraction. The mechanism of such attraction is illustrated by the figure.

Opposite directed rotation of the ethereal vortices of the galactic sleeves leads to the development of a reduced ether pressure between the sleeves. Therefore, the sleeves move in the direction of lower pressure. Thus, the sleeves are attracted to each other to form a common plane. After analysing the figure with a schematic representation of the spiral structure, we can see that all the sleeves of the galactic spiral always border on the opposite rotating sleeves, that is, the spiral nebula forms a very dense “package”, which tends to self-compression.

The fading Kepler Ether vortex drags the sleeves into the plane of the Ecliptic, and twists them at the same time. This is a transitional and relatively short-term process. As soon as the Kepler gravity vortex’s reserve of inertia is exhausted, the galaxy is left to itself. Its form is maintained in the form in which it has managed to be, and new formative effects are beginning to play a major role.

These effects, as already mentioned, are mainly determined by two polar etheric vortices belonging to superstar, which lies on its side and rotates very slowly. The gas-dust substance produced by a superstar accumulates in the space surrounding it. This new material forms a kind of atmosphere around the galactic nucleus. The presence of this atmosphere allows us to see the shape of the ether vortices generated by the superstar. As in ordinary planetary atmospheres, the intrinsic pressure of gas-dust matter resists gravity and prevents the fall of matter on the surface of the Central body. This explains the paradox of the movement of clouds of gas and dust in the direction from the galactic center, with the predominant direction of the ether to the absorbing superstar.

In this regard, it is interesting to consider the situation with the galaxy UGC1382, in which the galactic ether vortex is not yet fully visible in the optical range due to the insufficient amount of accumulated gas-dust material.

At left, in optical light, UGC 1382 appears to be a simple elliptical galaxy. But spiral arms emerged when astronomers incorporated ultraviolet and deep optical data (middle). Combining that with a view of low-density hydrogen gas (shown in green at right), scientists discovered that UGC 1382 is gigantic. Credits: NASA/JPL/Caltech/SDSS/NRAO/L. Hagen and M. Seibert. Only photos taken in the ultraviolet spectrum allow us to see the true size of the ethereal vortex formed by the central star of the galaxy. It can be assumed that as a superstar produce the new substance; the ethereal vortex will be filled with gas and dust material further and further, and eventually become available for observation in the visible range.

It is feasible that some irregular or pecular galaxies may represent galaxies at different stages of the transition process from the Kepler-type vortex to the galactic one.

Galaxies with polar rings

Another example in support of our hypothesis about the structure and mechanism of formation of galaxies are so-called galaxies with polar rings. One of these galaxies NGC 4650A is presented in the photo.

For comparison, one of the drawings illustrating our hypothesis is placed nearby. The picture reversed to match the direction of twisting of the arms of the galaxy. The similarity with our scheme is quite obvious. It can be concluded that the galaxy NGC 4650A is at the stage when the rollover of the superstar has already completed, and its axis of rotation coincides with the galactic plane. The superstar maintains a rotation speed sufficient to keep a noticeable equatorial vortex that is filled with gas-dust matter. Apparently, the revolution of the superstar occurred at a relatively early stage, due to a large mass of satellite planets, “successful” combination of orbital positions of which initiated the rollover of the star. The photo really shows numerous planets and their groups. Especially large groups of planets are just in places where begin to form the sleeves of the galaxy. Over time, the central star of the galaxy will slow down its rotation and its equatorial vortex will shrink and change its shape from disk to elliptical / spindle-shaped; most of the gas and dust will be concentrated in the sleeves, which will increase its length and density, and as a result we will have an ordinary spiral galaxy.

In this regard, the galaxy NGC 660 is of interest, which is just at the stage when the axis of rotation of the Central superstar has not yet fully turned to a position parallel to the galactic axis.

Accordingly, the axis of the Equatorial vortex is in a transitional state from a perpendicular position with respect to the galactic vortex to the position coinciding with the galactic vortex. As in the previous case, there is a large number of satellite planets and they are accumulated at places on the galactic plane from where the beginnings of the sleeves can be traced. And there is a lower density of gas-dust matter in the galactic plane compared to the equatorial plane of the galactic nucleus, indicating a greater age of the Equatorial vortex compared to the galactic vortex. Also visible the ring around the galactic center in two places of which the beginnings of the two opposite sleeves already formed.

11. Evolution of Stars (part 4)

Structure, Mechanics and Evolution of Galaxies.

The ubiquitous law of conversion of quantitative changes into qualitative…

The gradual deceleration of the rotation of a large star leads to a slowdown in the rotation of the gravitational ether vortex. Before the vortex provided stable rotation of the star due to the balance of acceleration and deceleration acting simultaneously to the core of the star (see section on tachocline).

But as the speed of rotation of the star decreases, the ratio between the speeds of rotation of the ether in the polar and equatorial regions of the stars changes. The predominance of the equatorial velocity gradually becomes negligibly small. Now those velocities are practically equal.

Superstar almost does not rotate.

The ether in the equatorial regions moves nearly vertically, with a very small tangential component, which leads to the appearance of inhibitory forces opposing accelerations. All these processes can be classified as internal, relating mostly to central star itself.

But there are also external processes related to the system around the star. Qualitative changes are also taking place here. While the growth of the central star has stopped, the growth of the planets within its system continues. Finally, there comes a situation when the gravitational balance within the star system is shifted towards an ensemble of planets that have grown to the size of competing with the size of the central star.

As a result, the star is capsized; its axis of rotation lies down in the plane of the Ecliptic of the former star system. This process is quite smooth, as there is a simultaneous change in the position of the axis of rotation of the star and of the ether vortex, which provides this rotation. According to the Law of Mechanics, the star will experience internal stresses only in cases when there are accelerations of the ether inside it. So the star itself is not deeply affected by the rotation axis of the rotation by 90 degrees.

But you can imagine that for the satellites of the star such a restructuring is equal to a universal catastrophe. In any case, the world around them, to put it mildly, ceases to be the same. The resulting galactic structure has a very stable orientation in space, as the central star continues to play the role of a gyroscope, despite its very slow rotation.

But, if earlier the gyroscope of the star stabilized the position of the axis of rotation of the entire star system, and the rotation of the satellites of the star was clearly visible due to the huge distances they pass through the orbits around the star; now the gyroscope of the star stabilizes only the axis of rotation of the star itself, which can look like a galactic bar, connecting points of the origination of two galactic arms.

Note that spiral galaxies have only two arms coming from the nucleus. Additional sleeves, if any, are formed as a result of division from the main sleeves. That is, spiral galaxies always have two poles to which the sleeves are attached. Due to the described structure, the movement inside the galaxy is almost undetectable, which increases the impression of the immensity of galaxies and the distances to them.

The loss of rotation of the star is accompanied by the restructuring of the gravitational vortex (GV). GV from the equatorial flat becomes spindly cross-polar. As a transitional phase, galaxies of elliptical structure are formed, when planets and stars (large planets satellites by this time already grown into stars) are rearrange from Equatorial orbits into polar chains and conglomerates. The vortex gradually acquires a flattened form, passing through a period of turbulence.

The ethereal vortex converts into galactic type, that is, it takes the form of a spiral galaxy. And it spreads far in the vicinity of the superstar, not just where it can be seen due to the dust it contains. The vortex again takes a flat form, but this form is different from the original.

In the past, it was a form typical to the young star system, such as the Sun. Two ether-vortexes meeting in the Equatorial plane were sucking the ether out of the spherical volume, forming an ultra-thin plane of the Ecliptic in which planets and satellites have been collected.

The replacement galactic vortex consists of two ether twisters directed to each other by their funnels. They rotate unidirectionally with the star. But at a much greater angular velocity than a slow star. Dust accumulation in the form of a galactic bar is formed by suction of dust and gas into a spindle-shaped vortex located along the axis of rotation of the star.

Thus stellar evolution enters its third phase, where the star remodels the form of associated ethereal vortex.

The Central star, which became the core of the new “galaxy” (nebula) is no longer growing. But the structures surrounding the core, the most prominent of which are the gas-dust sleeves, grow in size.

Planets and stars located inside gas-dust sleeves continue to grow, but their growth is less noticeable than the growth of the sleeves, so the sleeves are much larger than the celestial bodies inside them.

If the stars located in the sleeves of the nebulae grow to the size of superstars, they, in turn, can begin to rebuild their gravitational vortices into the polar (galactic) type. This leads to the budding of the young galaxy from the old one.

There is an abundance of cosmic images illustrating the described scenario at its various stages of development; from the rudimentary daughter vortex inside a mature galaxy, and to the fully formed young galaxy associated with the mother galaxy. There are also more complex systems consisting of several galaxies.

What’s next? Some stars that are in the galactic sleeves, experiencing insufficient ether pressure, due to the intense competition from the surrounding stars, and as a result break up, forming globular clusters within galaxies.

In the process of breakdown, dust and gas decay, as these are the most unstable bodies, due to their small size. Large pieces of superstar more sustainable and evaporate with less intensity. The result is a clean space, free from dust and gas, and occupied only by large spherical fragments.

And superstar (galactic center) is also falling apart. This is confirmed by the existence of nuclear-free galaxies.

For the star itself, this (fourth) stage of evolution is the last, after which the star ceases to exist as a single object.

The scenario of the fourth stage of stellar evolution (the process of superstar decay) will be presented after the section devoted to the structure of matter. Since for its understanding, it is necessary to get acquainted with the concepts of the structure of atoms from the standpoint of the Law of Mechanics. Therefore, the decay phase of the galactic nebula core is not yet considered.

Thus, stellar evolution supplemented by the galactic period in accordance with the Law of Mechanics consists of three sections:

The first phase includes the period of growth of the planet since the acquisition of gravity, in this part, the growth of the planet is accompanied by an increase in the planet’s own rotation and the temperature of its surface until it reaches luminosity (i.e., transformation into a star).

The second section is the period of growth of the star, since the appearance of luminosity, in this area the growth of the star is accompanied by a slowdown in its own rotation, while maintaining the temperature (and, accordingly, the spectrum).

The third section is accompanied by a decrease in the speed of rotation of the star to a critical one, at which the gravitational vortex changes its structure, and the size of the star reaches the limit at which the star turns into a galactic nucleus. The galactic nucleus no longer grows, but only produces the energy and matter scattered around the galactic center.

The main difference between the evolutionary sequence of stars according to the Law of Mechanics is the opposite (in comparison with the Main Sequence) direction of stellar evolution. So according to orthodox science, stars evolve from yellow to red, and according to the Law of Mechanics, on the contrary, from red to yellow.

The third section is not represented in any way in the generally accepted diagrams. Organized science distinguishes galactic nuclei in a special category of objects, related to “black holes”.

Typical Structures Of Galaxies

Let’s try to illustrate what was said on the example of typical nebulae (galaxies), considering them in the order of the probable evolutionary sequence.

Let us repeat the basic definitions. Gravity Vortex (GV) can be of two types:

1) Equatorial, Kepler that is, such that exists around the Sun, the plane of this vortex coincides with the equatorial plane of the star, which in the case of the solar system roughly corresponds to the plane of the Ecliptic. While the star is in the second phase of its evolution, star’s axis of rotation is perpendicular to the plane of the Ecliptic.

2) Galactic gravitational vortex, the plane of this vortex also coincides with the plane of the Ecliptic of the star system. But now it is the former Equatorial plane of the Central star. This plane is preserved due to the fact that there are satellite planets, which have a significant mass and inertia. And thanks to the inertia of the ethereal vortex, which was generated by the star. After the axis of rotation of the star has turned (relative to the Ecliptic) from perpendicular to parallel position, its equatorial vortex (equatorial plane) no longer coincides with the plane of the Ecliptic, but is perpendicular to it.

Ultra Slim Galaxy

For example, images of galaxies NGC4565 and NGC4594 (M104 Sombrero) are provided.

Apparently, these galaxies are superstars that have reached the size at which they produce an increased amount of dust and gas, but have not yet slowed to a critical speed and therefore retained around them the usual gravitational vortex of Kepler type.

It is possible that such nebulae are formed mainly from stars that do not have large satellites, which would contribute to the overturning of the Equatorial gravitational vortex (GV) and its transformation into a spiral with two sleeves.

Elliptical galaxy

Some elliptical galaxies may represent the same hyper thin galaxies, but they are visible from a different angle, allowing us to study them in more detail. For example the galaxy ESO 325-G004, shown in the photo.

As well as hyper thin galaxies, elliptical galaxies are characterized by a small amount of gas and dust, which is quite logical for superstars only entering this period and have not yet developed a noticeable amount of gas and dust. Note the other galaxies and stars that are clearly visible in this picture, behind the galaxy ESO 325-G004 and shining through its structure. It is very curious that this galaxy is attributed to its gigantic size (more than 100,000 light years across) and being at a monstrous distance from us (about 450 million light years), although it is obvious that the stars shining through the gas-dust cloud can not be located far away, which allows us to judge the size of the nucleus of this galaxy, comparing it with neighboring stars in the background.

Speaking about the size of the nucleus, it should be mentioned that the visible dimensions of the nucleus seem larger due to the luminous halo arising from the scattering of light on the gas-dust substance.

Galaxies grow due to increase of gas-dust sleeves and growth of the celestial bodies entering their structure. These growing celestial bodies – planets and stars, also contribute to the gas-dust cloud of galaxies, releasing part of the substance formed as a result of the absorption of ether.

Returning to the subject of the stars in the background. According to organized science, these stars experience a truly miraculous transformation because they are actually globular clusters. Organized science gives stars an admirable ability to sense the boundary between the state of a star and the state of a globular cluster. Moreover, this boundary is determined in relation to the Earth.

Here is a quote from the description of the picture: “Hubble resolves thousands of globular star clusters orbiting ESO 325-G004. Globular clusters are compact groups of hundreds of thousands of stars that are gravitationally bound together. At the galaxy’s distance they appear as pinpoints of light contained within the diffuse halo.”

There is doubt looming about all the other stars around us: how can we be sure that all the other stars are not really globular clusters?

Another type of elliptical galaxy is the dwarf galaxy, which is likely is a type of globular cluster, which will be discussed in the section on star decay. Note that globular clusters consist mainly of stars and contain almost no interstellar gas-dust matter. That is, according to our classification, globular clusters are young formations, or rather newly born formations that began a second life. Although probably more correct to say a new life, as it is unknown how many cycles of growth and decay survived their substance so far.

The following photo demonstrates another elliptical galaxy SDSS J162702.56+432833.9

Here we are mainly interested in the absence of large amounts of gas and dust. Another interesting feature of this galaxy is the apparent chaotic shape, despite its close to elliptical overall shape. It is possible that we have before us a fairly early stage in the process of transformation of an ethereal gravitational vortex of the Kepler type to a gravitational vortex of the galactic type. The later stage of this transition is described in the next section on spiral galaxies. Once again, we emphasize that the determining factor in galactic evolution is the amount of gas-dust matter, the more dust, the older the galaxy. And the age of the galaxy should correspond to its size, all other things being equal.