Unity of Heat and Electricity and their structural-forming role

The following section briefly explains one of the most important principles that are necessary for understanding of the internal structure of material bodies from the point of view of the Law of Mechanics. The internal structure here refers to the organization of substance from the level of molecules, as well as the mechanism of phase transitions: gas – liquid – solid. This principle also explains the basis of the mechanism of chemical reactions. That is the principle on which all physical and chemical processes, except nuclear, are based.

The principle is very simple: heat being ethereal vortices having a random orientation for the body as a whole (i.e., at the macroscopic level), has an ordered orientation (i.e., is an electric vortex) for an individual atom or molecule (i.e., at the microscopic level).

Here we can obviously see example of the dialectical principle of transition of quantitative changes in qualitative upon reaching of a certain level.

For individual atoms, heat is electricity, but for a sufficiently large number of atoms, the sum of elementary electricity is heat.

The vortex of the attached ether of each individual atom has the shape, direction of rotation and orientation, which is characteristic only to this type of atom. The shape of the vortex is determined by the geometric shape of the atom, and since all atoms are composed of one basic element – a proton, the properties of atoms exhibit periodic similarity. This is the physical basis of the periodic table of elements discovered by Mendeleev.

So, to paraphrase our principle: heat at the macro level —is the electricity at the micro level.

Or a little differently: heat consists of micro electricity.

Imagine a simple substance consisting of the same atoms; let’s pick the simplest form of an atom tetrahedron (for example, an oxygen atom). If each vertex of the tetrahedron is the axis of the corresponding attached ether vortex, then even for the correct crystal structure consisting of a set of tetrahedrons, the total vortex of the attached (internal, in this case) ether does not have any preferred direction of rotation. The preferred direction of rotation exists only in the vicinity of each individual vertex of the atom. And in these microscopic zones there will be an electrical interaction.

Thus, the interaction of atoms is provided by a directional (i.e. electric) vortex of the ether.

And the sum of microscopic electric vortices turns into a macroscopic thermal cloud, as individual vortices are mutually compensated because of their multidirectionality (multidirectioness).

What will happen if the velocity of the heat vortex (i.e. temperature) rises? Since the temperature of the body is composed of the speeds of rotation of individual vortices, each such speed increases accordingly. Here it is necessary to carefully consider the consequences of increasing the speed of individual vortices at the micro level. Each vortex, as we have already decided, is electric, that is, it acts directed at neighboring atoms.

The mechanism of this impact is discussed in more detail in the relevant section of our work. In short, the higher the speed of rotation of the vortex, the greater the force applied to the body from the ether.

Up to a certain level, this increase in the speed of rotation leads to an increase in the coupling forces between neighboring atoms. But a further increase in the speed of rotation begins to have an impact on distant interatomic bonds. And since the direction of these distant forces does not coincide with the direction of close interatomic vortices, the temperature increase leads to the weakening of these bonds.

Thus, there is a certain optimal temperature at which the body has the maximum binding forces between atoms, which is usually characterized by a minimum volume of the body. This nuance helps to understand the reason why some bodies have non-trivial dependences of the coefficient of volumetric expansion in some temperature ranges, and especially, the increase in the volume of the body in the solid state compared to the liquid (as water or bismuth).

In most cases, an increase in temperature leads to an increase in the volume of the body, until the temperature at which the interatomic bonds begin to decay, which is a phase transition from solid to liquid. Such a transition requires an increase in the speed of rotation of individual vortices to such a level that the vortices of each individual atom neutralize the vortices connecting the neighbors of their neighbors.

In this case, each released atom frees its vertices. And vortices that were previously fueled partially by neighboring vortices lose half (or part) of their velocity. This loss of velocity must be compensated by the external heat supply, and the body temperature remains constant despite the heat supply (latent heat), until there is a complete replenishment of the velocity of all the vortices of the atom to the previous level. This is a two-way balanced process that goes in both directions after reaching the melting point in a given section (zone) of the body.

A similar process occurs during the phase transition of a liquid into a gas, but there is never a decrease in the volume of gas compared to the liquid phase, since the interatomic distances in liquids at boiling temperatures significantly exceed those in solids, so that strengthening of interatomic bonds is out of the question.

So the gas phase is characterized by a complete absence of interatomic attraction, apparently due to the additional rotation of atoms / molecules or ether around them.

Let’s try to reconcile this idea of the structure of substance with the statement of the inevitable inhibition of the ether vortices due to its viscosity. The end result of this should be a substance that is completely cooled, reaching zero velocity of ether vortices. Will the solid structure of the substance be preserved? Will there be inter-atomic bonding? The question is quite speculative, since such conditions are practically unattainable even in the farthest corners of the universe, where there will still be fluctuations in the ether, which will provide a temperature different from zero. And the second reason is that as the speed of rotation of the ether decreases, the deceleration will slow down due to the decrease in viscosity, that is, it will be a very long and extremely slow process of reducing the temperature, somewhere at the very edge of the universe. A kind of cold death.

To the benefit of proposed model, speaks the fact that solids become very brittle with decreasing temperature, that is, the interatomic attraction in them declines.

Surprisingly, heat turns out to be the essence that binds/glues together atoms of substance in solids and liquids, and along with this heat at high temperatures separates the atoms of substance in gases and plasma. Really: the union and battle of opposites (unity of opposites).

At the level of atoms and molecules, electrical phenomena are fundamentally indistinguishable from thermal phenomena; differences appear at the levels of larger material formations. That is, distinction of electricity from heat progresses with an increase in the size of material structures (bodies), which have ethereal vortices.

An electric charge, like heat, requires a material carrier for its existence, around which an affiliated etheric vortex is formed.

The electric vortex, figuratively speaking, is a concentrated heat. These are the same vortices of the ether, but united in continuous chains, driven into rotation by external sources of motion.

The reverse is also true: on atomic scales, thermal vortices are nothing but electric vortices (charges). In the section devoted to heat, it was noted that thermal vortices serve as glue binding atoms in molecules. If such an idea seems implausible, it will be easier to accept electric charges equivalent to thermal vortices as binding elements in molecules and crystals. This is the picture that official science also draws.

The forms and structure of electric vortices are very diverse depending on the type of electrical phenomenon. All these phenomena are united by the same mechanism and the common medium in which they occur – the movement of the ether, located in the interatomic, intraatomic and molecular slits.

Let us repeat the most important concept of the Law of Mechanics: heat, electricity, magnetism and light at the atomic and molecular level are the same processes, so there are a great many mutual effects between light — heat — electricity — magnetism. Photovoltaic, thermoelectric, thermomagnetic, magnetoelectric, magneto-optical, magnetostrictive and similar effects require a substance for their implementation. Also, all these effects are based on the mechanical interaction of the ether with the substance.

We mention in this regard, the electrochemical effects, especially their property  of reversibility: the absorption of electricity by the substance changes the chemical composition of the substance. Conversely, a change in the chemical composition of a substance creates electricity.

The electric vortex of the ether is structurally less stable than the chaotic thermal vortices of the ether, due to the fact that the electric vortex is more ordered (here we are talking about vortices on the scale of the conductor); and also because electric vortices need a source that supports them; feeds and sets the speed and direction of rotation.

Under special conditions, electric vortices for quite a long time may exist separately without replenishment from the source, for example, electrets, but their existence is still limited and the results in the inevitable discharge. The fundamental and unavoidable cause of the discharge is the viscosity of the ether, which causes the vortex to slow down. Thus, any electric charge without external recharge, in any ambient conditions (even in a vacuum) will constantly lose its original speed of rotation, i.e. will discharge.

As well as heat, electric and magnetic vortices can not be at rest in the same place of free space on their own, that is, without a material carrier around which they are formed.

Independent electric (magnetic) vortices can only move through the space, which is free from matter, in the form of electromagnetic waves.

Another important idea that needs to be accepted for understanding of the nature of electric current, is that for the propagation of electric current required a particular environment, the environment having the property of conductivity.

Conductivity is the ability of a material medium to form continuous (bound) vortices of the ether within itself. Let’s talk about this in more detail.

The material environment (matter) exists in two forms:

a) in the form of free ether (i.e. ether in a state similar to gaseous)

b) in the form of ether containing substance.

Ether in a free state (devoid of substance) has the property of conductivity, but nevertheless is not a conductor in an independent form, since there are no centers of turbulence, which are necessary for the formation of local vortices of the ether.

The property of conductivity in the real sense has only matter in the form of substance, and only in some of its states.

Depending on the specific state of substance, allowing the formation and propagation of ether vortices, we have different types of conductivity.

In general, the conductivity of the substance is due to the presence of ether-filled cavities. Ether vortices excited by a power source in the conductors form a continuous structure. That is, the vortex motion of the ether can be transmitted from the source to the load. A conductor is similar to a pipe through which the vortex motion of a liquid or gas can be transferred from a source of rotation to another location at a distance.

The conductivity of solids (usually crystalline type) is due to the presence of stationary overlapping cavities (gaps) filled with ether inside the solid conductors.

The diameters of electric vortices apparently determined by the size of the cavities inside the body. The minimum diameter of the vortex is vanishingly small, even in comparison with the size of the protons. The easiest way to imagine an electric vortex in the form of a chain of vortices connecting the atoms of the conductor and forming a continuous closed circuit between the poles of the source of electricity. Thus, it is possible to present an electric current in the form of a bunch of multiple vortices distributed over the cross section of the conductor, or in the form of a single vortex occupying the entire cross section of the conductor.

The mechanism of conductivity of liquids and gases differs from the mechanism of conductivity of solids by additional movement of particles, which are carriers of vortices, which leads to numerous side effects.

Our approach to the description of electrical phenomena is based on the Law of Mechanics, namely the idea of the action of the space (ether) attached to the body.

This approach is fundamentally different from the orthodox theories of electrical phenomena, which explain the interactions between bodies through abstract electric and magnetic fields acting as intermediaries.

The law of Mechanics interprets the action (force) as a result of the effect of ether on the body, and this situation is especially evident in electrical and magnetic phenomena. In these phenomena, the role of the acting “second body” is auxiliary; the second body only creates conditions for electrical interaction, modifying the state of the surrounding ether.

Briefly repeat the main provisions concerning the internal structure of matter arising from the Law of Mechanics.

The atoms that make up substance constitute from condensate (particulate phase) of ether.

Atoms have a structure similar to crystals polyhedra. The smallest crystal is a proton it is also a hydrogen atom.

The atoms of other, more complex elements are composed of protons in various combinations.

Atoms themselves are electrically neutral. Protons, and any derivative of them atoms in its natural state do not have any originally inherent charge.

Further, from the consideration of electrical phenomena it will be clear that the concept of “charge” does not apply to the internal innate characteristics (properties) of the substance. It is difficult to say whether there are any innate/inherent properties of the substance at all, except for geometrical parameters (size/volume of ether grains), all other properties of the substance can arise as a result of its interaction with ether.

A charge is a characteristic of a substance that depends on external conditions, similar to such properties of a substance as speed or temperature.

In accordance with established practice, we will consider electrical phenomena by separating them into three main classes: electrostatics, electrodynamics and electron phenomena (for which electron emission is required).

This division coincides with our classification of electrical phenomena, based on the differences between surface (electrostatics) and internal (dynamics) electrical effects.

Electrons occupy a special place in the hierarchy of electrical phenomena, as in most cases, for the implementation of electronic effects vacuum is required. But the more important difference between electron processes is the need for electron emission. There are many emission mechanisms that result in a variety of structures. All these structures, despite their different arrangement is called electrons and their movement science explains all electrical phenomena.

The approach of the Law of Mechanics is based on the point that electrons are not included in the composition of atoms, that is, they do not exist inside matter. In all known effects electrons are observed outside matter. The fact that electrons are released by matter does not constitutes their presence inside the substance in the same form as outside the substance. Electrons are formed on the surface or near the surface of bodies, which causes the illusion of the presence of electrons in the internal structure of matter.

Light behaves like waves, but some light phenomena resemble the behavior of particles. Let’s try to understand what waves can exist in three-dimensional space and at the same time have properties representative of light.

For the model we take the mechanism of formation and propagation of waves on the surface of water — that is, the movement of particles of the medium along circular trajectories.

Three variants of wave propagation formed by circular motion of medium particles in a homogeneous three-dimensional space are conceivable.

1. The wave propagates in volume — in all directions from the center, while the circles described by individual particles of the medium are constantly increasing as they move away from the center (since the wave must capture the entire volume). Such a wave should quickly fade away (dissipate). Therefore, we will not further analyze this option and its plausibility, since such waves quickly lose their energy and can not spread far enough.

2. The wave propagates in one plane, like a surface wave. It is difficult to imagine the conditions for the forming and maintenance of such a wave in a homogeneous three-dimensional environment, but for our analysis, the main thought is different — such a wave also can not spread far enough, since the total size of the wave is constantly increasing as it moves away from the center. This increase in the wave front causes a weakening of the wave energy. The rate of scattering (attenuation) of this wave should be less than in the first case, but the existence of such waves in a homogeneous three-dimensional medium requires impossible conditions.

3. The wave propagates in one dimension, in a straight line. Initially it is difficult to imagine such a wave. At first glance, it is not a wave at all, but a kind of particle, as it travels without loss of initial energy, maintaining its shape and direction of propagation. But nevertheless it is a wave, and its existence is quite natural, since it does not require additional special conditions, as it was in the first two cases.

Let’s take a closer look at the structure of this wave.

As in the case of surface waves, the particles of the medium move in a circle. The particles return to their original position after they close the circle and transmit their motion to neighboring particles in the direction of the wave.

The reason why the medium particles move in a circle is that the energy (velocity) applied to the medium particle exceeds the displacement limit that can be transferred from the particle to the particle without causing a reaction (resistance) from the group of particles in front. “Extra” energy deviates in all directions from the center of displacement, forming a toroidal vortex moving in a straight line.

The action from one particle to another in the direction of the wave (toroid) is transmitted after the particle at a given place completes its circular motion and collides with the next particle. That is, the full motion transmitted from particle to particle is carried out in a spiral. A general toroidal motion is created from individual spiral movements.

The toroidal wave shape formed by the circular motion of the particles of the medium is produced in the most natural way, if we imagine how the wave on the surface of the water will behave if it gets into three-dimensional space, with absolutely equivalent degrees of freedom in any direction. In order to remain a wave and maintain its movement (existence), the wave must curtail into a bagel (torus) and continue moving in a straight line in the direction of the movement of the center of the torus.

For comparison, we present an image of the smoke ring; a careful study of this image leads to the conclusion that the smoke ring does not consist of spirals but of individual toroids “inserted” into each other.

In our model, light has two different speeds: 1) the speed of the ether inside the wave and 2) the speed of the wave.

Let’s analyze whether the proposed model can explain the known properties of light and light-like radiation.

Laws of light propagation.

The light intensity decreases in proportion to the square of the distance from the light source. If we imagine light as a set of individual waves / vortices — toroids (photons) propagating in all directions from the light source, it is obvious that the number of photons per unit of the surface facing the light source will decrease with distance from the light source.

An inversely proportional dependence of the light intensity on the square of the distance will be observed. Since the surface area of the sphere is proportional to the square of its radius.

This pattern persists, but is not so pronounced if the photons move in the same direction, parallel or almost parallel. The intensity of the light produced by such photons will decrease very little as the distance from the source increases.

This fact explains why there may be an insignificant divergence of light rays, as well as why these rays occur at all, despite the wave nature of light. Due to this, it is possible to create directed beams of light using spotlights and lasers.

The energy of an individual photon is barely dissipated in space.

The wavelength of light is proportional to the diameter of the photon. At the same time, the photon, like any toroid, has three different diameters, which are mutually dependent on each other. Now we are interested in two parameters — the diameter of the toroid tube (formed by the circular motion of individual particles of the medium), and the outer diameter of the toroid formed by the joint movement of all the particles of the medium involved in the movement. The larger the diameter of the toroid tube – the larger the outer diameter of the toroid. In the limit, the outer diameter is equal to twice the diameter of the tube.

This implies the existence of two types of motion and velocities that are characteristic of such a wave:

a) the rate of transmission of mechanical motion from one particle of the medium (ether) to another in a circular motion inside the tube of the torus

b) the velocity of the torus (wave / vortex) as a whole.

Next, we consider two options explaining the constancy of the speed of light:

1. The speed of such a wave (the speed of the torus) will be determined not only by the speed of transfer of the motion inside the torus tube around the average position of the particle (in average position particle is at rest), but also by the speed of transfer of the mechanical motion after the completion of the cycle of motion in a circle.

In accordance with the geometric laws of similarity, the size (diameter) of the wave (torus) corresponds to the size (length) of the step from the circle to the circle. That is, if the size of the torus (distance / circumference that must pass the wave before it passes the movement forward) is increasing, then the size of the step is increasing also. The smaller the wavelength (diameter), the smaller the step size, but accordingly more steps need to be done to pass a unit of a distance. In other words, the wave speed does not change with the change of the wave size, as the number of steps compensates the step size. The deceleration of the wave due to the increase in the circumference that must be covered before moving on the next circle is compensated by the increase in the displacement (step) of the wave between the circles. Here we base on the assumption that the length of the steps between the circles is proportional to the length of the circle, and the coefficient of proportionality is the same for waves of any length (any diameter of the torus tube).

In other words: the rate of wave transmission (mechanical motion) in the center of the torus does not depend on the size of the torus, but is determined only by the properties of the medium.

2. The transmission speed of the movement inside the waves of ether is not constant. The greater the initial speed of the process that caused the ether wave, the greater the speed of the ether inside the wave. The higher the speed of the ether, the smaller the radius of curvature of the wave due to the viscosity of the ether. That is, waves / vortices (toroids), which comprise the light and all other types of electromagnetic waves, have a different “internal” speed, (the speed of the ether inside the moving toroid). The higher the speed of ether inside the toroid, the greater the angle of deviation of ether grains in collisions with each other; that is, the smaller the outer diameter of a donut, and accordingly “step” of a donut in the ether. Thus, photons of smaller size, having a greater cyclic speed of the ether make more steps than photons of lower frequency. This leads to the fact that the speed of movement of the toroids are the same for all diameters of toroids. Or using more familiar terms, the speeds of photons of any frequency are equal to each other.

The proposed mechanism of light formation allows explaining the known effects of light. Doppler effect: the higher the speed of the body, which emits light, relative to the ether – the higher the “frequency” of photons. It is necessary to mention here that the “frequency” of photons in the conventional sense is not applicable to our model, as well as the wavelength, but we continue to use these terms at the stage of the initial description of our model, to facilitate understanding.

We use quotation marks, as we talk about the frequency of photons, as in fact, photons do not possess frequency, such as the frequency of sound waves. It is more correct to speak only about wavelengths, although this is also not quite true, since photons are not waves in the conventional sense. Photons have a size that can be called a wavelength, but it is more correct to say that it is the diameter of a solitary self-moving vortex structure.

May be it will be possible to determine the frequency with which the photon rotates, but this frequency seems to be different from the frequency calculated on the basis of the speed of light.

Cosmological red shift: the ether is a non-ideal medium, that is, it has a viscosity that causes a gradual decrease in the speed of the ether inside the photon, which leads to an increase in the diameter of the photon, while maintaining its speed.

The dependence of the energy of light (photon) on frequency: the higher the frequency, the higher the speed of the ether inside the photon, i.e. its energy. Gamma radiation, or rather gamma photons, have a maximum internal velocity of the ether, and therefore must demonstrate the maximum value of the red shift depending on the distance (energy degradation). Accordingly, the most low-frequency photons should have the greatest “lifetime”, which is confirmed by the presence of low-frequency background radiation coming to us from all directions.

Thus the old photometric paradox (Olbers paradox) finds an explanation. The brightness of the night sky is indeed almost uniform, but at longer wavelengths than visible light.

Another paradoxical fact is the phenomenon of the interaction of light with atoms, since the size (wavelength) of photons many times exceed the size of atoms. Photons in the form of single vortices (solitons) interact only with those atoms, which are happened to be exactly in the center of the vortex motion. The size of the Central part of the photon vortex must correspond to the size of atoms in order to cause the interaction of light with the atoms of matter. This mechanism allows to explain the existence of the red border of the photoelectric effect and its statistical nature.

Consideration of other lighting effects will be continued in the relevant sections.

We continue the theme of ethereal vortices formed around protons and atoms. Let’s start with hydrogen; a hydrogen atom is a single proton. If the proton were just a ball, there would be no restrictions on the direction of the ether vortices around it. The variety of these vortices would also not be limited. But most importantly, these vortices would not be stable; they would “slide” around the ball and would not have any preferential location, size and direction.

The situation with the dodecahedron is different; here we right away have restrictions on the direction and number of vortices. The shape of the dodecahedron determines the most probable location of the circumferential vortex along two parallel faces.

Ether eddy around the proton by interaction with the edges of the dodecahedron form a two oscillations with periods of pulses differing by two times.

Possible six equal variants of locations of the vortices. Note that the main distinguishing feature of these vortices is their stable internal dimensions determined by the stable proton shape. The stability of proton shape and size is the basis of the stability of atomic spectra.

For deuterium atom there are restrictions on the location of vortices, but remain close to hydrogen resonances.

The overall situation is qualitatively changing starting with Helium. So far we have been dealing with external vortices (for analogy with the external electron), and in helium atom appear internal slit-type vortices.

Helium 4, only two matched vortices are possible. The vortex around the Central proton will be in a counterflow with one of the vortices depicted.

Helium 3, only two matched vortices are possible.

Helium atoms (Helium-3 and Helium-4) have space for only two matched etheric vortices; these vortices partially pass inside the slits and partially reach the surface of the helium atom.

Lithium atom with a single external heat vortex and two partially hidden slit vortices

Starting with lithium 7, atoms have full-fledged internal (fully immersed in the gaps) vortices of the ether. Of course, these vortices can protrude from the slits, if the speed of the ether is large enough. But the location of the vortices is fixed. And the direction of rotation of the ether also has its limitations, since the vortices are interrelated, and can only exist in certain combinations.

So our model leads to conclusions that allow an analogy with the dominant doctrine. We have external and internal ether vortices that determine the properties and states of atoms. This is a positive factor confirming the correctness of the chosen path. Accumulated enough experimental evidences of the existence of some intra-atomic structures, which are called electrons and the properties of which are widely used in practice. It is possible that the proposed approach will be fruitful in explaining the observed effects and predicting new ones.

And finally, another very important feature of the proposed model of atoms: a simple and natural explanation of the origin of stable atomic spectra. Spectra in our model are a side effect of the existence of faces and edges on the surface of protons and atoms in general. As well as the presence of gaps between the protons that make up atoms.

In the gaps between the protons there are vortices of ether, like drafts or winds in mountain valleys. The Coandă effect explains why the gas jet adheres to the surface of the streamlined body. These jets are those attached vortices of the ether, which we described before.

The presence of attached etheric vortices is a consequence of the impact of external sources of etheric waves on atoms. Any perturbation of the ether coming into contact with the atom, be it the sunlight or other mechanical action, causes the origin of slit vortices as a result of the presence of non homogeneity in the path of the ether wave. (Resonant slit vortices)

The fact that the inter-proton slits in atoms have stable dimensions explains the stability of the waves (wavelengths) that are emitted as a result of the interaction of the slit vortices with the surrounding ether.

The structure of photons from the standpoint of the Law of Mechanics will be discussed in the section devoted to light.

The velocity of the slit vortices is the temperature that finally finds a mechanically consistent and noncontradictory explanation.

Attached vortices in atoms exist practically always. Even in remote from the stars corners of the universe there are single photons and a minimum level of background radiation. That is, the temperature of atoms can only approach to zero, and can not reach it in practice. As a result, the process of radiation and re-emission of thermal photons never stops anywhere.

So far, in analyzing the Law of Mechanics and considering the interaction of substance and ether, we have dealt mainly with unmoving ether.

The mechanical action of real bodies on the ether is very small, that is, the shift of the ether in response to the movement of substance inside of it is very small. Ether simply flows around the body, just as gas flow around moving bodies.

The explanation for this is very simple — the total mass of the ether is immeasurably greater than the mass of any bodies, so the acceleration of bodies relative to the ether does not cause a reciprocal acceleration of the surrounding ether, but only leads to a reaction directed at them and local swirls of the ether.

The mechanical motion of the bodies does not have a symmetric effect on the ether. The ether does not acquire a linear motion in response to the motion of physical bodies through it.

The situation with heat, electricity, magnetism and light is different.

In all these phenomena, we deal with the movements of the ether caused by the substance.

These movements of the ether are limited, usually microscopic.

Therefore, the interaction of macroscopic real bodies with the motion of the ether in such microscopic scales usually do not lead to a consistent unidirectional mechanical action, as is the situation for example in the case of gravity.

Microscopic etheric flows set in motion only a microscopic body. For macro-bodies, micro streams of air have mixed and non-simultaneous character, which only causes internal mechanical stresses in such bodies.

When official science explains the heat the consequences of heat actions are taken for (swapped) the reasons. Heat is a microscopic vortex of ether, therefore as a result of the action of heat only microscopic objects are driven– molecules and atoms. Brownian motion allows us to estimate the maximum dimensions of bodies that can be transported directly by ensembles of thermal vortices.

The law of Mechanics allows to explain differently the nature of heat, electricity, magnetism and light, and as a result to come to conclusions consistent with the observed facts.

Our world is material, and its primary basis (primary matter) is ether.

A substance is formed from the ether and all interactions of the material world are carried out through the ether.

One of the main ideas that the Law of Mechanics brings to the understanding of matter is the idea of the creation of substance as a result of the transformation of the ether.

Substance is only one of the varieties of ethereal forms and movements. Today we know many of these forms and movements: substance, light, electric and magnetic fields, gravity (accelerated motion of the ether on a macro scale).

Heat is also the movement of ether.

Here it is appropriate to recall the Caloric and the fact that the doctrine of Caloric perfectly described thermal phenomena. But in the 19th century there was a problem with understanding the properties of Caloric, namely the possibility of creating or destroying Caloric. It was experimentally proved that heat is created as a result of mechanical interaction. This was contrary to the postulated properties of Caloric represented, as a kind of material substance, which is only able to move from body to body, remaining in constant quantity.

The problem of this approach can be traced in the wrong understanding of the Law of Conservation.

Shortly before that time formulated, the Law of Conservation was understood to be absolute, and extended to the entire material world, and this world in the views of that time did not include anything except substance.

This understanding of the Law of Conservation has survived mainly to the present day, despite the discovery of the phenomena of the inter-conversion of matter and energy.

There is a mental barrier that prevents accepting of the idea of creation and destructibility of substance. We do not see anything strange in the fact that light can be created or disappear, but this is its property, in our consciousness, makes light different from matter. The main reason here probably lies in the denial of the ether. If we recognize the ether as a mater along with the substance, it will be much easier to accept the idea of the creation of substance from the ether and the disintegration of substance into the ether. With this approach, matter is indestructible, not substance.

Currently, there is very limited understanding of the essence of electricity, light and heat. Nevertheless, the prevailing view that we are well versed in these phenomena, because we know how to use them. Methods and theories that allow us to calculate the behavior of systems using electricity, light and heat had been developed, and we are confident that we understand what we are dealing with. That confidence has hampered progress, and there has been little progress in recent years.

The law of Mechanics offers its own model of these phenomena, based on the vortex motions of the ether in micro scales.

Micro vortices of ether can exist both in open space and inside bodies.

Hence comes the definition of electricity, light and heat as unstable vortices of ether.

An unstable vortex of ether is created by the substance, more precisely by the interaction of substance and ether. Unstable vortices and turbulence of the ether after their inception can separate from the substance, which have formed them, and then exist independently.

The key to understanding the essences of heat, electricity, magnetism and light is the same — rotation. The rotation of the ether organizes the whole world in which we exist. This idea was originally expressed by Rene Descartes, but regrettably, so far it has not received due recognition.

Let’s try to understand whether the rotation of the ether can explain, “everything that has long been clear already.”

Heat (basic provisions)

Heat is a property intrinsic only to the substance. It means that empty space without substance (free ether) may not have a specific (distinctive inherent to this spot) temperature. Space can only transmit heat, but not possess it.

This situation can be easily explained if we assume that heat is a vortex motion of the ether located inside and near the substance.

The thermal vortices of the ether are always attached to the particles of substance (accompany the substance), the rotation speed of the vortices determines the temperature of the substance.

Let us repeat briefly the basic ideas about the structure of substance, from the standpoint of the Law of Mechanics, before continuing the topic of heat.

The ether condensed to form atoms. Atoms are partially permeable to the ether, and have internal slits that allow for ether to flow thru. The greater the number of protons (having the form of dodecahedrons) included in the atoms of substance, the more complex the structure of its atoms. Therefore, the ether flows with greater resistance through the intra-atomic and inter-atomic space of such substances, which is equivalent to their greater mass. The structure of the substance is described in more detail in the previous sections of these records.

Protons in atoms are held together by the external pressure of the ether, that is, the presence or absence of ether vortices around the protons has no effect on the structural integrity of atoms.

But at the next level of complexity of substance – molecular, ethereal vortices play a major role.

Ethereal vortices perform the function of binding atoms with other atoms. That is, ethereal vortices do exactly what official science attributes to electrons. Around atoms there are vortices of ether, which bind together atoms with the combined vortices thereby, forming a chemical bond.

It is obvious that the strength of such a bond is much lower than the strength of bonds inside the atom. It is enough for the speed of rotation of the thermal vortex to go beyond the optimum, as the molecular bond may be broken.

If the speed of rotation slows down greatly, that is, the temperature of the substance becomes low enough, the strength of the chemical bond will fall, and there will be enough for relatively small external mechanical action to destroy the substance.

And if the temperature increases greatly, the ethereal vortex will grow to the boundaries of the neighboring connection (neighboring vortex) and destroy it.

That is, chemical bonds, as well as bonds providing phase structures of substances, have certain temperature limits of existence.

Atoms of substances are less sensitive to temperature changes, that is, the temperature range of the existence of atoms is much wider than that of molecules.

Free ether does not have its own heat, the heat belonging to a given region of space. Heat cannot stay in the specific area of the free ether by its own, it (heat) can only move through this area. In order to stay in a certain region of space, it is necessary to have the substance, around which is formed a companion, a fragile ethereal whirlwind. Waves (pressure drops) moving in free ether form vortices around clusters of monolithic ether (substance), by this process the radiation converts into heat.

Heat cannot stay in one place for a long time, even in the presence of a large amount of substance, since the “thermal” vortices of the ether gradually disintegrate (they need constant feeding from the outside). These unstable vortices have a natural tendency to dissipate and decay.

The ability of a substance to conduct heat depends on the structure of the substance, on the possibility of formation of ordered vortices of ether in the structure of the substance. The presence of periodic structures of micro-cavities in the substance allows to create ensembles of “thermal” vortices of the ether, that is, to transmit vortex motion through the substance, with minimal losses and maximum speed.

Another characteristic of the substance associated with heat — heat capacity (thermal capacity).

It is known that the specific heat of simple substances is inversely proportional to the atomic mass of the substance. This fact is in conflict with the prevailing scientific doctrine.

But from the point of view of the Law of Mechanics, the heat capacity of substances should behave exactly like this. Our model asserts that the heat capacity of a substance is proportional to the amount of “void” contained in the substance. The void here we call the gaseous ether is “in the gaps” of the substance between the condensed ether (atoms). The smaller the atomic weight of the substance, the greater the “vacuum” between the atoms, that is, the more free aether between atoms. This free ether can be involved in vortex motion, or in other words, it can hold heat.

Accordingly, in substances with a greater atomic mass at the same volume, there are fewer voids with free ether, which is necessary for the existence of ether vortices. Therefore, for example, the heat capacity of lead is about 7 times less than the heat capacity of aluminum, and 110 less than the heat capacity of hydrogen.

Obviously, from the standpoint of molecular kinetic theory, everything should be in reverse – the heavier the atoms, the more energy (heat) they can have at the same speed, and accordingly, the greater should be the heat capacity of the substance.